Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

to grapple the ships

  • 1 HALDA

    * * *
    (held; hélt, héldum; haldinn), v.
    I. with dat.
    1) to hold fast (Gunnarr var kyrr svá at honum hélt einn maðr);
    to keep back, restrain (Hrafn fekk eigi haldit henni heima);
    2) to withhold (héldu bœndrgjaldinu);
    3) to keep, retain (þú skalt jafhan þessu sæti halda);
    to preserve (halda virðingu sinni, lífi ok limum);
    halda vöku sinni, to keep oneself awake;
    4) to hold, keep one’s stock;
    also ellipt. (vetr var illr ok héldu menn illa);
    5) phrases, halda njósnum, to keep watch, to spy (= halda njósnum til um e-t);
    halda (hendi) fyrir auga, to hold (the hand) before the eyes, shade the eyes;
    halda hendi yfir e-m, to protect one;
    6) to hold, stand, steer, ellipt., þeir héldu aptr (held back again) um haustit;
    þeir héldu út eptir fírði, they stood out the firth;
    halda heim, to steer homewards;
    7) to graze, put in the field (halda fé til haga);
    8) impers. to continue, last (hélt því lengi um vetrinn);
    II. with acc.
    1) to hold in possession, a fief, land, estate (þeir héldu alla hina beztu staði með sjónum);
    2) to hold, keep, observe, a feast, holiday (í hvers minning heldr þú þenna. dag?);
    3) to keep (halda orð sín, eið, sættir, frið);
    to observe (halda guðs lög ok landsins);
    4) to uphold, maintain, support (halda vini sína, halda e-n til ríkis);
    5) halda sik, to comport oneself (kunna halda sik með hófi);
    halda sik ríkmannliga, to fare sumptuously;
    halda sik aptr af e-u, to abstain from;
    6) to hold, consider, deem (hón hélt engan hans jafningja);
    7) to hold, keep up;
    halda varnir, to keep up a defence;
    halda vörð, to keep watch;
    8) to hold, compel, bind (heldr mik þá ekki til útanferðar);
    þó heldr þik várkunn til at leita á, thou hast some excuse for trying;
    III. with preps.:
    halda á e-u, to hold, wield in the hand (halda á sverði);
    to hold to a thing, go on with it, be busy about (halda á drykkju, á ferð sinni, á sýslu);
    halda e-t af e-m, to hold (land, office) from or of one (þeir er höfðu haldið land af Danakonungi);
    halda mikit af e-m, to make much of one;
    halda eptir e-m, to pursue one;
    halda e-u eptir, to keep back;
    halda sik frá e-u, to keep oneself back from, refrain from;
    halda e-u fram, to uphold, support;
    halda e-u fyrir e-u, to withhold from one;
    to protect against (héldu engar grindr fénu fyrir birninum);
    halda e-n fyrir e-t, to hold, consider one to be so and so (síðan hélt konungr Erling fyrir tryggvan vin);
    halda í e-t, to hold fast, grasp (þú skalt halda í hurðarhringinn);
    halda til e-s, to be the cause of, be conducive to;
    heldr þar margt til þess, there are many reasons for this;
    hélt til þess (conduced to it) góðgirni hans;
    halda til e-s, to be bent on, fond of (halda mjök til skarts, til gleði);
    halda til jafns við e-n, to bear up against one, to be a match for one;
    halda um e-t, to grasp with the hand (= halda hendi um e-t);
    halda barni undir skírn, to hold at baptism;
    halda e-u upp, to hold aloft, lift (halda upp höndum);
    halda upp árum, to hold up the oars, cease pulling;
    to uphold, maintain, support (halda upp hofum, kristninni);
    to keep going (halda upp bardaga);
    to discharge (halda upp kostnaði, bótum);
    halda upp bœnum fyrir e-m, to pray for one;
    halda e-u við, to maintain a thing;
    halda við e-m, to stand against (hvar sem harm kom fram, hélt ekki við honum);
    hélt þá við atgöngu (acc.), they were near coming to fight;
    heldr nú við hót, it is little short of threats;
    IV. refl., haldast.
    * * *
    pret. hélt (= Goth. haihald), 2nd pérs. hélt, mod. hélzt, pl. héldum; pres. held, pl. höldum; pret. subj. héldi; part. haldinn; imperat. hald and haltú: [Ulf. haldan = βόσκειν, ποιμαίνειν, whereas he renders to keep, hold by other words; Hel. haldan = alere, fovere, colere, which thus seems to be the primitive sense of the word, and to be akin to Lat. cŏlo; again, A. S. healdan, Engl. hold, O. H. G. haltan, Germ. halten, Swed. hålla, halda, Dan. holde, are all of them used in a more general sense]:—to hold.
    A. WITH DAT. to hold to:
    I. to hold fast by; with the notion of restraint or force, tók Gizurr förunaut Ögmundar ok hélt honum, Sturl. i. 150; Gunnarr var kyrr svá at honum hélt einn maðr, Nj. 92; ef maðr heldr manni …, varðar fjörbaugs-garð, Grág. ii. 110; h. e-m undir drep, 17; h. skipum ( to grapple the ships) með stafnljám, Fms. ii. 315: to keep back, Hrafn fékk eigi haldit henni heima þar, Ísl. ii. 249; ok halda þeim veðr í enni sömu höfn, Grág. i. 92; h. (sér) í e-t, to hold oneself fast by, grasp, þú skalt h. í hurðar-hringinn, Dropl. 29; heldr sér í faxit, Sd. 177.
    β. so in the phrases, halda barni (manni) undir skírn, vatn, primsignan, biskups hönd, eccl. to hold a bairn ( man) at baptism, prima signatio, confirmation, Grág. i. 29; h. vatni (tárum), to hold one’s tears, 623. 56, Fms. viii. 232, vi. (in a verse); halda munni, to hold one’s tongue, be silent, vii. 227; halda tungu sinni, Þórð.
    2. to withhold; þá megu þeir h. tíundum hans í móti, K. Þ. K. 62; h. vætti, Grág. i. 42; h. gögnum, 56; ef goði heldr tylftar-kvið, er hann heldr kviðnum, 58; halda matinum fyrir honum, 47; h. sköttum fyrir e-m, Nj. 8; h. skógar-manni fyrir e-m, Finnb. 334; um þat er hann hefir konunni haldit, Grág. i. 313; héldu bændr gjaldinu, Fms. vii. 302; hélt ek því (i. e. the money) fyrir honum, i. e. paid it not, Ísl. ii. 244.
    II. to hold, of a rope or the like; sá maðr hugði h. mundu er festi, … ok h. mundu í slíku veðri, Grág. ii. 361; reip þau tíu er tveggja manna afli haldi hvert, id.; skal hann svá göra at haldi fyrir fyrnsku, 268.
    β. to hold, hold out, last; optast halda þar íllviðri litla hríð, Sks. 212; sunnudags-helgi ríss upp á laugardegi, ok heldr ( lasts) til mánadags, N. G. L. i. 138.
    III. to keep, retain, Germ. behalten; fá-ein skip héldu seglum sinum, Fms. x. 143; þú skalt jafnan þessu sæti h., Nj. 6; h. bústað sínum, Ld. 26; h. ríki sínu, Al. 58, Fms. i. 13; h. öllum Noregi, viii. 155; h. frelsi ok eignum, vi. 40; h. hlut sínum, to uphold one’s right, Eg. passim; halt sömum vinum sem ek hefi haft, Fas. i. 375; h. hreinleik sínum, Al. 58.
    β. to hold, keep safe, preserve; h. hlut sínum, Ld. 54; h. heilsu, Grág. i. 145; h. virðingu sinni, Ld. 16; þá heldr hann kosti sínum, Grág. ii. 209; h. tíma ( honour) sínum, Al. 59; h. lífi ok limum, Eg. 89; h. lífinu, Nj. 111; h. trúnaði sínum, 109; vináttu sinni, Ld. 200; einorð sinni, Fb. ii. 265; h. sér réttum, to keep oneself right, Ld. 158; h. e-m heilum, Odd. 30; h. ríki fyrir e-m, Fms. v. 279; h. manna-forræði fyrir e-m, Hrafn. 19; h. réttu máli fyrir e-m, Fms. vii. 64.
    2. to continue to keep, keep all along; h. teknum hætti, Fms. iv. 254; h. vöku, to keep oneself awake, Ld. 152; but h. vöku fyrir e-m, to keep another awake; halda sýslu sinni, Fs. 36; h. högum, to keep grazing, Eb. 104, Ld. 148.
    3. to hold, keep one’s stock; ellipt., vetr var íllr ok héldu menn ílla, the winter was cold and it was ill to keep live stock, Sturl. ii. 143, (cp. fjár-höld); hann hélt vel svá at nær lifði hvat-vetna, Hrafn. 22: metaph., ílla hefir þinn faðir þá haldit, Fms. xi. 144; öld hefir ílla haldit, the people have had a sad loss, vi. (in a verse); h. fangi, and also ellipt. halda, of sheep and cattle, opp. to ‘to go back.’
    4. phrases, halda njósnum, to keep watch, to spy, Fms. viii. 146, Nj. 113; hann hélt njósnum til Önundar, Landn. 287; hélt konungr njósnum til, ef …, Fms. vii. 128; hann skyldi h. njósnum til ok gera orð konungi, i. 54; h. njósnum til um e-t, iv. 119, Nj. 93; halda njósn (sing.) um skip þat, Eg. 74; þér haldit njósnum nær færi gefr á Arnkatli, Eb. 186; hann lét h. njósnum uppi á landi, Fms. vii. 316; hann hélt fréttum til, ef …, iv. 349.
    β. halda (hendi) fyrir auga, to hold ( the hand) before the eyes, shade the eyes, Nj. 132, Fms. v. 196; h. fyrir munn e-m, to hold ( the hand) over one’s mouth; h. hendi yfir e-m, to hold the hand over one, protect one, Nj. 266, Fbr. 22, Korm.; h. hendi um háls e-m, to clasp the hands around one’s neck, Fms. i. 9; h. skildi fyrir e-n, to hold the shield for one as a second in a duel, Ísl. ii. 257, passim; h. e-m til náms, to hold one to the book, make one study, K. Þ. K. 56; h. e-m til virðingar, Ld. 98.
    IV. ellipt. (liði, skipi, för, stefnu, etc. understood), to hold, stand in a certain direction, esp. as a naut. term; þeir héldu aptr ( stood back again) um haustið, Eg. 69; treystisk hann eigi á haf at halda, Eb. 6; héldu þeir vestr um haf, id.; stigu þeir á skip sín, ok héldu út ( stood out) eptir firði, Fms. i. 63; þeir héldu þat sama sumar til Íslands, Ld. 6; hann hélt upp eptir hinni eystri kvísl, Fms. vii. 55; h. heim, to hold one’s course, stand homewards, Odd. 30; h. á braut, Grág. i. 92; Hrútr hélt suðr til Eyrar-sunds, Nj. 8; h. eptir e-m, to pursue one, 7; h. undan, to fly, Fms. x. 396, Nj. 98 (on land); kom móti þeim sunnan-veðr með myrkri, ok urðu þeir fyrir at h., to lay one’s course for the wind, A. A. 271; h. útleið, to stand on the outer tack, Eg. 78; h. til, to turn against, attack (on sea), Fms. xi. 72; hélt hann liði sínu suðr á Mæri, i. 62; þeir héldu liði sínu norðr til Þrándheims, id.; Haraldr konungr hélt norðan liði sínu, Eg. 32; héldu þeir skipi því suðr með landi, 69; skipi því lét hann halda vestr til Englands, id.; Unnr hélt skipinu í Orkneyjar, eptir þat hélt Unnr skipi sínu til Færeyja, Ld. 8.
    β. to graze, put in the field, of sheep, cattle; þykkir mér þat miklu skipta at þeim sé vel til haga haldit, Eg. 714; hvert Steinarr hafði látið nautum sínum halda, 715; ok bað hann h. nautunum annan veg, 716.
    γ. phrases, halda kyrru fyrir, to hold still, remain quiet, Ld. 216, Þórð. 30 new Ed., Nj. 223, 258; Hallr heldr nú til fangs ( went fishing) sem áðr, Ld. 38.
    V. with prep.; halda á e-u, to hold, wield in the hand, freq. in mod. usage, h. á bók, penna, fjöðr, hníf, skærum, nál, etc.; hafði hverr þat er hélt á, Nj. 279; h. á sverði, Fb. i. 33; hann tók við öxinni ok hélt (viz. á), ok sá á, Eg. 180: to hold fast, heldr nú maðr á manni, Fas. i. 12; eigi máttu helvítis byrgi h. á honum, 656 C. 6; ef hann heldr á fénu ( withholds it), Grág. i. 427.
    β. [Germ. anhalten], to hold to a thing, go on with, be busy about; h. á sýslu, to be busy, Rm. 14; h. á keri, qs. halda á drykkju, to go on drinking, carousing, Hm. 18: h. á hinni sömu bæn, Stj. 417; h. á fyrirsátrum við e-n, Þórð. 51 new Ed.; h. á búnaði sínum, Ld. 164; hélt hann þá á búnaði sínum sem skjótligast, Fms. ix. 215, x. 119, Sturl. ii. 245; þogar á bak Jólum hélt Ólafr konungr á búningi, Fms. v. 41; hann heldr nú á málinu, Nj. 259; nú heldr Þórðr á málinu ok verðr Oddný honum gipt, Bjarn. 11, Konr. (Fr.); h. á tilkalli, Fms. i. 84; h. á þessum sið, xi. 41; h. á för, to go on with one’s journey, Sighvat; gengu síðan brott ok héldu á ferð sinni, and went on their journey, Sturl.;—whence the mod. phrase, halda áfram, to go on, which seems not to occur in old writers.
    2. halda e-u fram, to hold up, make much of; bróðir minn mun mér mjök hafa fram haldit fyrir ástar sakir, Nj. 3.
    β. to hold on doing, (hence fram-hald, continuation); halda fram upp-teknu efni, Fms. i. 263; slíku hélt hann fram meðan hann lifði, iv. 254; hélt hann (fram) teknum hætti um veizlurnar, id., Grett. 14.
    3. halda saman, to hold together, Eluc. 6, Fms. vii. 140, Rb. 340.
    4. halda e-u upp, to hold aloft, Yngvarr hélt upp vísu þeirri, Eg. 152; steinninn heldr upp annarr öðrum, Rb. 390; h. upp árum, to hold up the oars, cease pulling, Fas. ii. 517, N. G. L. i. 65.
    β. to uphold, maintain, support; halda upp hofi, Landn. 64, Eb. 24; h. upp hofum ok efla blót, Fms. i. 91; h. upp kirkju, K. Þ. K. 52; h. upp Kristninni, Fms. i. 32: to keep going, h. upp bardaga, orrostu, xi. 66, 188, 340.
    γ. to discharge; h. upp féráns-dómi, Grág. i. 120; h. upp lögskilum, 145; h. upp svörum, Ó. H. 174; h. upp kostnaði, Eg. 77; h. upp gjaldi, Grág. i. 384; gjöldum, Fms. i. 81; h. upp bót, Grág. ii. 182; bótum, Eb. 100, 162, N. G. L. i. 311; ef hann heldr upp yfirbót ( penance) þeirri, Hom. 70; h. upp bænum fyrir e-m, to pray for one, Fms. xi. 271; hélt hann því vel upp sem vera átti, discharged it well, x. 93.
    δ. halda sér vel upp, to hold oneself well up, Sturl.
    ε. metaph., skal-at hann lögvillr verða, svá at honum haldi þat uppi (i. e. went unpunished), Grág. i. 316; ok heldr honum þat uppi ( that will save him), ef hann er rétt-hafi at orðinn, ii. 242.
    5. halda e-u við, to maintain a thing, Hkr. i. 195.
    VI. impers.,
    1. to continue, last; hélt því nokkura stund dags, Fms. x. 125: hélt því lengi um vetrinn, Ld. 288; regni hélt haustnótt gegnum, Fms. vi. 83.
    2. with prep. við, to be on the brink of; hélt þá við atgöngu, they were within a hair’s breadth of coming to fight, Hkr. i. 143; hélt þá við vandræði, Fms. ix. 434; heldr við bardaga, vi. 8; heldr nú við hót, it is little short of a threat, i. 305; hélt við blót, x. 106; ok hélt við flótta, i. 174; hélt við meiðingar, Nj. 21, Sd. 143; henni hélt við, at hón mundi drepa hana, Nj. 118; þeim hélt við váða sjálfan, Ó. H. 168; konungi hélt við, hvárt hann mundi standask eðr eigi, Mag. 100; honum hélt við kafnan, Bs. i. 18; hélt þó við at þeir mundi berjask, Fs. 53.
    B. WITH ACC. to hold:
    I. to hold in possession, a fief, land, estate, office, or the like; þeir héldu alla hina beztu staði með sjónum, Fms. xi. 131; þeir er áðr höfðu haldit land af Dana-konungi, i. 232; Eirekr skyldi h. land af Aðalsteini konungi, 23; Vemundr hélt Firða-fylki, Eg. 12; hélt hann þat ríki undir Knút konungi, Ísl. ii. 242; í þeirri borg héldu þeir langfeðgar fimmtán konungdóma, Ver. 37; h. land sem leigu-land, Grág. ii. 278; konungrinn heldr af Guði nafnit, Sks. 599 B; prestar er kirkjur halda, H. E. i. 486; sá prestr er heldr Pétrs-kirkju, N. G. L. i. 312; presta þeirra er kirkju halda, 346; skal sá maðr ráða er kirkju heldr, K. Þ. K. 60; Ólafs kirkju þá er Væringjar halda (the parish church of W.), Hkr. iii. 408.
    2. halda ábyrgju, ábyrgð á e-n, to have the responsibility of a thing, Grág. ii. 399, K. Þ. K. 66; h. grip, to be in the possession of, Grág. i. 438, ii. 190; h. skóla, to keep a school, Mar.; h. fylgð, to perform, Fms. ix. 279; eiga vandræði at h., to be in a strait, difficulty, Eb. 108.
    II. to hold, keep, observe, a feast, holiday, or the like; halda kirkju-dag, K. Þ. K. 42; í hvers minning heldr þú þenna dag? Nj. 157; h. helgan þvátt-dag hvern, Pr. 437; h. helga daga, Sl.; h. Jóla-dag, Páska, Hvíta-sunnu, Rb. 134; minnstú að h. helgan hvíldar-daginn Drottins Guðs þíns (the Fourth Commandment in the Icel. version); h. heilagt, to keep holiday, Dipl. ii. 14; í dag þá hátíð höldum vér til himna sté vor Herra, Hólabók 54; er Júdar héldu hátíðligt, Stj. 110; (hence forn-haldinn, time-honoured): of the day-marks (vide dagr, p. 95), er þaðan haldinn miðr-morgin, Hrafn. 9.
    2. to keep; halda orð sín, to keep one’s word, Fms. x. 95; höldum öll einka-mál vár, vii. 305; h. sættir, Nj. 57; gerðú svá vel, félagi, at þú halt vel sætt þessa, 111, Sturl. iii. 153, Fs. 65, Gullþ. 20; hann kvaðsk vilja hafa svardaga af þeim ok festu, at halda, Nj. 164; h. eið, Sturl. iii. 153; h. frið, to keep peace, Greg. 7; ef þú vilt nokkura hluti eigi h. þá er ek hefi á lagt við þik, Eg. 738: to observe faith, law, rite, etc., halda átrúnað, Fms. i. 34, x. 277; h. Guðs lög ok landsins, vii. 305; h. lands lög, viii. 155; h. ein lög, 625. 52; hafa ok halda þau lög, Fms. i. 34; h. Kristilega trú, K. Á. 74; h. mál (orð) e-s, Greg. 17; h. alla hluti með athugasamlegu minni, Sks. 439.
    3. to keep, tend; halda geitr, Hkv. 2. 20 (exactly as in Gothic).
    III. to uphold, maintain, support; þykkir mér þér sé nú ísjár-vert, hvárt þú munt fá haldit þik eðr eigi, Nj. 155; munu vér þó ekki einhlitir at h. oss eptir þessi verk, Háv. 50; at hón mætti með valdi h. sik ok menn sína, Fas. i. 375; þat væri nokkurr várkunn, at þú héldir frænda þinn eðr fóstbróður, en þetta er alls engi (at) halda útlaga konungs, Ó. H. 145; enda ætla ek lítinn viljann til at h. vini þína, Fms. vii. 244; því at Eysteinn konungr kenndi Inga konungi, at hann héldi þá menn, 248; ef þú heldr hann ( upholdest him) til þess at ganga á vini mína, Eg. 339; viljum vér allir fylgja þér ok þik til konungs halda, Fms. i. 34; Stephanus skyldi h. hann til laga ok réttinda, Sks. 653; h. e-n til ríkis, Fb. i. 236; vinsæld föður hans hélt hann mest til alþýðu vináttu, Fms. vii. 175; þeir sem upp h. ( sustain) þenna líkama, Anecd. 4.
    β. phrases, halda e-m kost, borð, to keep at board, entertain, Fms. ix. 220, x. 105, 146, Nj. 6; or, halda e-n at klæðum ok drykk, Ó. H. 69; h. stríð, bellum gerere (not class.), Fms. x. 51; h. úfrið, Fas. ii. 539.
    2. halda sik, to comfort oneself, Sks. 281, Hom. 29; kunna sik með hófi at h., Sturl. iii. 108; h. sik ríkmannliga, to fare sumptuously, Ld. 234; hann hélt betr húskarla sína en aðrir, Fms. vii. 242; h. mjök til skarts, to dress fine, Ld. 196; þar var Hrefna ok hélt allmjök til skarts, id.; hann var hægr hvers-dagliga, ok hélt mjök til gleði, Sturl. iii. 123; hélt hann hér mjök til vinsælda ok virðinga, he enjoyed much popularity and fame, Ld. 298.
    β. ellipt. (sik understood), at h. til jafns við e-n, to bear up against one, to be a match for one, Ld. 40; ef þér hefir eigi til þess hug eðr afl at h. til jafns við e-n húskarl Þorsteins, Eg. 714; h. til fullnaðar, to stand on one’s full rights; ef þær taka eigi fullrétti, eðr h. eigi til fullnaðar, Grág. ii. 109; h. fullara, to hold one above other men, Ó. H. (in a verse); lét konungr þá h. mjök til ( make great preparations) at syngja messu hátíðliga, Hkr. i. 287.
    3. to hold forth, put forward; at þeim inyiidi þungbýlt vera í nánd honum, ef þeir héldi nokkurn annan fyrir betra mann en hann, Ld. 26; síðan hélt konungr Erling fyrir tryggvan mann, Fms. ix. 399.
    β. to hold, deem, be of opinion; the old writers seem not to use the word exactly in this sense, but near to it come such phrases as, hón hélt engan hans jafningja innan hirðar hvárki í orðum né öðrum hlutum, i. e. she held him to be above all men, Ld. 60; halda menn hann fyrir konung, Fb. i. 216; still closer, halda menn at Oddný sé nú betr gipt, Bjarn. 12 (but only preserved in a paper MS.): this sense is very freq. in mod. usage, to hold, mean, eg held það; eg held ekki, I think not; (hence hald, opinion.)
    γ. phrases, halda mikit upp á e-n, to hold one in much esteem, love, Stj. 33; halda af e-m, id., Fas. i. 458, ii. 63, 200, iii. 520, esp. freq. in mod. usage, (upp-á-hald, af-hald, esteem.)
    4. to hold on, keep up; halda varnir, to keep up a defence, Sks. 583; halda vörð, to keep watch, Eg. 120, Grág. i. 32, 264; halda njósn, Eg. 72, 74, Fms. xi. 46; halda tal af e-m, to speak, communicate with one, ii. 88.
    5. to hold, be valid, be in force, a law term; á sú sekt öll at halda, Grág. i. 89; á þat at h. allt er þeir urðu á sáttir, 86; enda á þat at h. með þeim síðan, ii. 336.
    IV. to hold, compel, bind (with the notion of obligation or duty); heldr mik þá ekki til utan-ferðar, Nj. 112; þó heldr þik várkunn til at leita á, i. e. thou art excused, thou hast some excuse in trying, 21; var auðsætt hvat til hélt um sættir, Bjarn. 70; þik heldr eigi hér svá mart, at þú megir eigi vel bægja héraðs-vist þinni, Eb. 252; þar mælir þú þar, er þik heldr várkunn til at mæla, Nj. 227; ek mun vera vinr hans, ok alla þá, er at mínum orðum láta, halda til vináttu við hann, i. e. I will be his friend, and all those who lend ear to my words I will hold to friendship with him, Eg. 18.
    2. halda sik frá e-u, to keep oneself from, to refrain from a thing, Sks. 276 B; h. sik frá munaðlífi, Post. 656 A. ii. 16, Hom. 53, 135; h. sik aptr af e-u, to abstain from, Hkr. i. 512.
    V. absol. to be the cause of, be conducive to a thing; heldr þar margt til þess, there are many reasons for this, Nj. 192; vildim vér vita hvat til heldr, Fms. vii. 106; en hann vissi eigi hvat til hafði haldit, er hann kom eigi, xi. 11; margir hlutir héldu til þess, Eg. 38; þat hélt til þess, at …, Al. 94; hélt til þess ( conduced to it) góðgirnd hans, stórmennska ok vitsmunir, Fs. 29; hefir þat mjök til haldit, er ek hefi svá lengi dvalizt, at ek ætlaða, Ld. 32; hann lét bæði til h. vingan ok mágsemd, Fs. 24; heldr þat mest til at þá var komit útfall sjávar, Ld. 56; hélt þat mest til þess, at hann gafsk bezt í öllum mannraunum, 60; þat eitt hélt til, at þeir fóru eigi málum á hendr Þórði, at þeir höfðu eigi styrk til, 138.
    VI. to hold, comprise; sólar-öld heldr tuttugu ok átta ár, Rb. 510; h. skor (of weight), Grág. i. 500.
    ☞ In some instances the use of dat. and acc. wavers, e. g. halda húsum, to keep up the houses, Grág. ii. 278, 335; h. hliði, to keep the gate in repair, 265; but halda hlið (acc.), 332: to keep, observe, h. lögum, griðum, boðorðum, Glúm. 333, Grág. i. 357, ii. 166, 623. 28; hélt hann þessu sumu, Fms. x. 416 (Ágrip); halda ílla orðum, vii. (in a verse); þeir er því þingi áttu at h., Glúm. 386; h. sáttum, St. 17; h. eiðum, Bkv. 18; Gizuri þótti biskup h. ríkt ( protect strongly) brennu-mönnum, Sturl. i. 201 C; Guð er sínum skepnum heldr (keeps, protects) ok geymir, Mar.; þá hélt engi kirkju mönnum, … kept no man safe, Fms. ix. 508; h. njósn (acc.) um e-t, Eg. 74; h. til njósn, 72; njósnir, Fms. xi. 46. In most of these instances the acc. is the correct case, and the dat. is due either to careless transcribers or incorrect speaking: in some instances an enclitic um has been taken for a dative inflexion, thus e. g. sáttum haldi in Stor. l. c. is to be restored to sátt um haldi; eiðum haldit in Bkv. l. c. to eið (for eiða) um haldit; in others the prep. um has caused the confusion, as ‘halda njósn um at’ has been changed into halda njósnum at. But in the main the distinction between the use of dat. and acc. is fixed even at the present time: the acc. seems to represent the more primitive usage of this verb, the dat. the secondary.
    C. REFLEX.:
    I. to hold oneself, to stay; héldusk þeir þá ekki fyrir norðan Stað, Fms. i. 63; mátti hann eigi þar haldask, Landn. 246; h. á baki, to keep oneself on horseback, keep one’s seat, Grág. ii. 95; munu þeir skamma stund hér við haldask, Nj. 247: to be kept, remain, þá skal hann h. með Helju, Edda 39: to resist, megu vér ekki við h. fyrir ofreflis-mönnum þessum, Nj. 254; hélzk þá ekki við honum, Eg. 289; mann er svá hefir haldisk við höfuð-syndum, Hom. 157.
    β. to hold out, last, continue; ok hélzk ferillinn, Eg. 579; hélzk undr þetta allt til dags, Nj. 272 (twice); hélzk konungdómr í kyni hans, Rb. 394; lengi síðan hélzk bruna-öld með Svíum, Yngl. S.; lengi hélzk þat í ætt þeirri, at …, Eg. 770; hélzk vinátta með þeim, Nj. 66; þat hefir enn haldizk í ætt hans, Fms. iv. 8; ok hefir þat haldizk ( it has continued to be so) síðan er ek hefi hann séð, Ld. 174; honum haldisk (imperat.) sigr ok langt líf, Ver. 57; betr þætti mér, at hún héldisk þér, that it (the luck) would hold out for thee, Fb. ii. 74; ef hann helzk í útrú sinni, if he perseveres in his untruth, 623. 26.
    γ. to be kept safe and sound; menn allir héldusk ( all bands were saved) ok svá fé, Ld. 8, Fs. 143; þar héldusk menn allir ok mestr hluti fjár, Eg. 405; hafði fé vel haldizk, has been well kept, done well, Ld. 34.
    δ. to be valid, stand; eigu þau handsöl hennar at haldask, Grág. i. 334; engi má haldask dómr hans, Edda 15; skyldu þau (the truce) haldask um þingit, Nj. 348.
    2. impers., mér helzk, e-m helzk vel, ílla, á e-u, to have a good hold, have luck with a thing; mér helzk lítt á sauða-mönnum, Grett. 110 A.
    3. recipr., haldask á, to hold or pull one against another, wrestle, (hence á-höld); var sagt Magnúsi, at þeir héldisk á úti, that they were fighting outside, Sturl. ii. 44.
    II. part. pass. haldinn, [Dan. holden], so ‘holden,’ in such and such a state; vel haldinn, in good condition, faring well, well to do, Eg. 20, 234; hugðusk þar ok haldnir ( safe) mundu vera, Ver. 34; þungliga h., very sick, Eg. 565, Hkr. ii. 199; vel haldinn, doing well; tak heldr annat fé, svá mikit, at þú þykisk vel haldinn af, i. e. fully satisfied, having got full redress, Boll. 350; Sveinn sagði, at hann vill hafa tvá hluti fjárins, Hrani sagðisk ekki af því haldinn ( satisfied) vera, Fms. iv. 31: in the phrase, heilu ok höldnu, safe and sound, Bs. i. 191, Fms. xi. 376, Hkr. i. 319; með höldnu hljóði, preserving the sound, Skálda 175.
    2. ok mun þykkja sér misboðit ef þú ert haldinn (kept, protected), Finnb. 344.
    β. kept, observed, Fms. xi. 99.
    γ. held in custody, in prison, Bs. i. 419, Sturl. i. 151.
    III. gerund., haldandi, holding good, valid; sá dómr er eigi haldandi, is not valid, K. Á. 304; af öllu afli er friðr haldandi, Hom. 5.
    2. part. act., með upp haldandi höndum, with uplifted hands, Bs. i. 684.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > HALDA

  • 2 noche

    f.
    night.
    a las diez de la noche at ten o'clock at night
    al caer o cuando cae la noche at nightfall
    hacer noche en to stay the night in
    hacerse de noche to get dark
    pasar la noche en claro o vela to have a sleepless night
    trabaja de noche she works nights
    ser la noche y el día to be as different as night and day
    noche de bodas wedding night
    noche de gala gala evening
    noche de Reyes Twelfth Night
    * * *
    1 (gen) night; (al atardecer) evening
    ■ ¡pero, si son las 10 de la noche! look at the time, it's ten o'clock!
    \
    buenas noches (saludo) good evening 2 (despedida) good night
    de noche todos los gatos son pardos all cats are grey in the dark
    hacer noche en to spend the night in
    hacer turno de noche to work nights
    hacerse de noche to grow dark
    la noche de los tiempos the dawn of time
    noche y día day and night
    pasar mala noche to sleep badly, have a bad night
    pasar la noche en blanco not to sleep a wink all night
    por la noche at night, after dark
    ser de noche to be dark
    ser noche cerrada to be pitch dark
    ser la noche y el día to be like chalk and cheese
    media noche midnight
    noche toledana familiar sleepless night
    * * *
    noun f.
    •
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=parte del día) night

    "Las mil y una noches" — "The Arabian Nights"

    • ayer noche — last night

    • ¡ buenas noches! — (=al atardecer) good evening!; (=al despedirse o al acostarse) good night!

    • de noche — [como adv] at night; [como adj] night antes de s

    • en la noche de ayer — last night

    • en la noche de hoy — tonight

    • hasta muy entrada la noche — till late into the night, into the small hours

    • esta noche — (=hoy por la noche) tonight; (=anoche) last night

    ¿qué hay en la tele esta noche? — what's on TV tonight?

    • hacer noche en un sitio — to spend the night somewhere

    • media noche — midnight

    • por la noche o LAm en la noche o Arg, Uru a la noche — at night

    cuando se echa una siesta luego por la noche no duerme — when he has a siesta, he doesn't sleep at night

    - pasar la noche en blanco o de claro en claro o en vela

    noche de estreno — (Teat) first night, opening night

    función 5), gato I, 1., 1)
    2) (=oscuridad)

    • al caer la noche — at nightfall

    • ya es noche cerrada — it's completely dark now

    • es de noche — it is dark

    cuando sea de noche, volveremos al refugio — when night falls o when it's dark, we'll return to the shelter

    • hacerse de noche — to get dark

    3)

    • la noche — (=vida nocturna) nightlife

    * * *
    1) ( período de tiempo) night

    la noche anterior — the night before, the previous evening

    esta noche — tonight, this evening

    2)
    a) ( oscuridad) night

    antes de que caiga la noche — before it gets dark, before nightfall

    en la noche de los tiempos — (liter) in the mists of time (liter)

    b) (liter) ( tristeza) sadness, gloom

    buenas noches — ( al saludar) good evening; ( al despedirse) goodnight

    de noche — <trabajar/conducir> at night

    ahora es de noche en el Japón — it's night o nighttime now in Japan

    se hizo de noche — it got dark, night fell

    en la or (esp Esp) en la or (RPl) a la noche: por la noche fuimos al teatro in the evening we went to the theater; el lunes por la noche on Monday evening/night; de la noche a la mañana overnight; hacer noche to spend the night; pasar la noche en blanco to have a sleepless night; pasar la noche en vela (vigilando, esperando a alguien) to sit o stay up all night; ( no poder dormir) to have a sleepless night; de noche todos los gatos son pardos or (AmL) negros — no one will notice (in the dark)

    •
    * * *
    = night.
    Ex. And two of them I heard two nights ago on 'All in the Family'.
    ----
    * a altas horas de la noche = late at night.
    * abierto por la noche = late night.
    * a cualquier hora del día o de la noche = at any hour of the day or night, at any time of the day or night.
    * a la caída de la noche = at nightfall, at twilight.
    * al amparo de la noche = under cover of night.
    * al caer la noche = at nightfall.
    * aventura de una sola noche = one-night stand.
    * bajo el manto de la noche = under the cover of darkness, under the cloak of darkness.
    * bien entrada la noche = late at night.
    * como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night).
    * como el día y la noche = worlds apart, like oil and water, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.
    * como la noche y el día = like oil and water, worlds apart, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.
    * dama de noche = night jasmine.
    * de día y de noche = day and night, night and day.
    * de la noche a la mañana = overnight.
    * del día o de la noche = day or night.
    * de noche = after dark.
    * desde la mañana a la noche = from morning to night.
    * Día + por la noche = Día + night.
    * día y noche = round the clock, day and night, night and day, around the clock.
    * dormir la noche = stay overnight.
    * durante la noche = overnight, night-time.
    * durante toda la noche = all-night, all night long.
    * en lo más profundo de la noche = in the dead of night.
    * en mitad de la noche = in the dead of night.
    * esta noche = tonight, tonite.
    * galán de noche = night jasmine, clothes valet, men's valet.
    * hacer de la noche día = burn + the candle at both ends.
    * lámpara de mesita de noche = bedside lamp.
    * ligue de una sola noche = one-night stand.
    * lugar donde las aves pasan la noche = roost.
    * lunes por la noche, el = Monday night.
    * luz de mesita de noche = bedside lamp.
    * mañana por la noche = tomorrow night.
    * mañana, tarde y noche = around the clock.
    * medianoche = midnight.
    * mesita de noche = bedside table.
    * noche + caer = night + fall.
    * noche de bodas = wedding night.
    * noche de entre semana = weeknight.
    * noche de luna = moonlit night.
    * noche de luz de luna = moonlight night.
    * noche en blanco = sleepless night.
    * noche nupcial = wedding night.
    * noche sin poder dormir = sleepless night.
    * noche tras noche = night after night.
    * noche y día = day and night, night and day.
    * pasar la noche = spend + the night, stay overnight.
    * por el día o por la noche = day or night.
    * por el día y por la noche = night and day.
    * por el día y por la noche = day and night.
    * por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.
    * por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.
    * portero de noche = nightman [nightmen, -pl.].
    * ruidos de la noche = things that go bump in the night.
    * ser como el día y la noche = different as night and day.
    * ser de la noche = night creature.
    * tarde noche = late evening.
    * toda la noche = all night long.
    * trabajar de día y de noche = work + day and night.
    * trabajar día y noche = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death, work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar noche y día = work + day and night.
    * traje de noche = evening wear.
    * turno de noche = night shift [night-shift].
    * una noche tras otra = night after night.
    * un + Nombre + a altas horas de la noche = a late night + Nombre.
    * vestido de noche = evening dress, evening gown.
    * vigilante de noche = nightman [nightmen, -pl.].
    * * *
    1) ( período de tiempo) night

    la noche anterior — the night before, the previous evening

    esta noche — tonight, this evening

    2)
    a) ( oscuridad) night

    antes de que caiga la noche — before it gets dark, before nightfall

    en la noche de los tiempos — (liter) in the mists of time (liter)

    b) (liter) ( tristeza) sadness, gloom

    buenas noches — ( al saludar) good evening; ( al despedirse) goodnight

    de noche — <trabajar/conducir> at night

    ahora es de noche en el Japón — it's night o nighttime now in Japan

    se hizo de noche — it got dark, night fell

    en la or (esp Esp) en la or (RPl) a la noche: por la noche fuimos al teatro in the evening we went to the theater; el lunes por la noche on Monday evening/night; de la noche a la mañana overnight; hacer noche to spend the night; pasar la noche en blanco to have a sleepless night; pasar la noche en vela (vigilando, esperando a alguien) to sit o stay up all night; ( no poder dormir) to have a sleepless night; de noche todos los gatos son pardos or (AmL) negros — no one will notice (in the dark)

    •
    * * *

    Ex: And two of them I heard two nights ago on 'All in the Family'.

    * a altas horas de la noche = late at night.
    * abierto por la noche = late night.
    * a cualquier hora del día o de la noche = at any hour of the day or night, at any time of the day or night.
    * a la caída de la noche = at nightfall, at twilight.
    * al amparo de la noche = under cover of night.
    * al caer la noche = at nightfall.
    * aventura de una sola noche = one-night stand.
    * bajo el manto de la noche = under the cover of darkness, under the cloak of darkness.
    * bien entrada la noche = late at night.
    * como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night).
    * como el día y la noche = worlds apart, like oil and water, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.
    * como la noche y el día = like oil and water, worlds apart, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.
    * dama de noche = night jasmine.
    * de día y de noche = day and night, night and day.
    * de la noche a la mañana = overnight.
    * del día o de la noche = day or night.
    * de noche = after dark.
    * desde la mañana a la noche = from morning to night.
    * Día + por la noche = Día + night.
    * día y noche = round the clock, day and night, night and day, around the clock.
    * dormir la noche = stay overnight.
    * durante la noche = overnight, night-time.
    * durante toda la noche = all-night, all night long.
    * en lo más profundo de la noche = in the dead of night.
    * en mitad de la noche = in the dead of night.
    * esta noche = tonight, tonite.
    * galán de noche = night jasmine, clothes valet, men's valet.
    * hacer de la noche día = burn + the candle at both ends.
    * lámpara de mesita de noche = bedside lamp.
    * ligue de una sola noche = one-night stand.
    * lugar donde las aves pasan la noche = roost.
    * lunes por la noche, el = Monday night.
    * luz de mesita de noche = bedside lamp.
    * mañana por la noche = tomorrow night.
    * mañana, tarde y noche = around the clock.
    * medianoche = midnight.
    * mesita de noche = bedside table.
    * noche + caer = night + fall.
    * noche de bodas = wedding night.
    * noche de entre semana = weeknight.
    * noche de luna = moonlit night.
    * noche de luz de luna = moonlight night.
    * noche en blanco = sleepless night.
    * noche nupcial = wedding night.
    * noche sin poder dormir = sleepless night.
    * noche tras noche = night after night.
    * noche y día = day and night, night and day.
    * pasar la noche = spend + the night, stay overnight.
    * por el día o por la noche = day or night.
    * por el día y por la noche = night and day.
    * por el día y por la noche = day and night.
    * por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.
    * por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.
    * portero de noche = nightman [nightmen, -pl.].
    * ruidos de la noche = things that go bump in the night.
    * ser como el día y la noche = different as night and day.
    * ser de la noche = night creature.
    * tarde noche = late evening.
    * toda la noche = all night long.
    * trabajar de día y de noche = work + day and night.
    * trabajar día y noche = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death, work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar noche y día = work + day and night.
    * traje de noche = evening wear.
    * turno de noche = night shift [night-shift].
    * una noche tras otra = night after night.
    * un + Nombre + a altas horas de la noche = a late night + Nombre.
    * vestido de noche = evening dress, evening gown.
    * vigilante de noche = nightman [nightmen, -pl.].

    * * *
    el bebé lloró toda la noche the baby cried all night
    la noche anterior habíamos cenado juntos we'd had dinner together the night before o the previous evening
    a altas horas de la noche late at night, in the small hours
    ¿tienes ganas de salir esta noche? do you feel like going out tonight o this evening?
    a las ocho de la noche at eight o'clock in the evening o at night
    a las diez de la noche at ten o'clock at night
    B
    1 (oscuridad) night
    a las seis de la tarde ya es noche cerrada it's completely dark by six o'clock
    vuelve antes de que caiga la noche come back before it gets dark o before nightfall
    en la noche de los tiempos ( liter); in the mists of time ( liter)
    2 ( liter) (tristeza) sadness, gloom
    C ( en locs):
    buenas noches (al saludar) good evening; (al despedirse) goodnight
    de noche: trabajan de noche they work at night
    me llamó el jueves de noche she called me on Thursday night/evening
    ahora es de noche en el Japón it's night o nighttime now in Japan
    se hizo de noche it got dark, night fell
    ya es de noche it's already dark
    por la noche or ( AmL) en la noche or ( Arg) a la noche: por la noche fuimos al teatro in the evening we went to the theater
    el lunes por la noche on Monday evening/night
    no me gusta salir sola por la noche I don't like going out on my own at night
    cambió de opinión de la noche a la mañana he changed his mind from one day to the next o overnight
    hacer noche to spend the night
    pasar la noche en blanco to have a sleepless night
    pasé la noche en blanco I had a sleepless night, I didn't sleep a wink ( colloq)
    pasar la noche en vela (vigilando, esperando a algn) to sit o stay up all night; (no poder dormir) to have a sleepless night
    pasamos la noche en vela esperando que volviera we waited up for him all night
    pasar una noche toledana ( Esp fam); to have a terrible night
    de noche todos los gatos son pardos no-one will notice (in the dark)
    Compuestos:
    wedding night
    first night
    New Year's Eve ( the evening)
    * * *

     

    noche sustantivo femenino
    a) night;


    esta noche tonight, this evening;
    ¡buenas noches! ( al saludar) good evening!;

    ( al despedirse) goodnight
    b) ( en locs)

    ◊ de noche ‹trabajar/conducir› at night;


    ‹vestido/función› evening ( before n);

    en la or (esp Esp) por la or (RPl) a la noche: en la noche fuimos al teatro in the evening we went to the theater;
    el lunes en la noche on Monday evening/night;
    de la noche a la mañana overnight
    noche sustantivo femenino
    1 night
    2 (espacio de tiempo: antes de las diez) evening
    (: después de las diez) night, night-time: me llamó de noche, he phoned me at night
    nos veremos por la noche, we'll meet this evening
    esta noche, tonight ➣ Ver nota en tarde
    ♦ Locuciones: hacer noche, to spend the night [en, at/in]
    pasar la noche en blanco, to have a sleepless night
    ser como la noche y el día, to be like night and day
    buenas noches, (saludo) good evening, (despedida) good night
    de la noche a la mañana, overnight
    traje/vestido de noche, evening dress
    ' noche' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aciaga
    - aciago
    - acribillar
    - amarrar
    - auto
    - ayer
    - blanca
    - blanco
    - buena
    - bueno
    - caer
    - calor
    - dar
    - dado
    - de
    - destellar
    - día
    - durante
    - empeorar
    - fin
    - galán
    - garito
    - gustar
    - hacer
    - insomnio
    - intemperie
    - interlunio
    - interrogar
    - mesilla
    - mesita
    - plato
    - plena
    - pleno
    - por
    - resplandecer
    - rondar
    - soñar
    - tanta
    - tanto
    - toledana
    - toledano
    - vagar
    - vela
    - velador
    - bien
    - buró
    - comer
    - comprometer
    - doce
    - en
    English:
    ahead
    - all
    - all-night
    - alone
    - approve of
    - available
    - averse
    - battle
    - bedside lamp
    - bedside table
    - blunder
    - box
    - by
    - camp out
    - clock
    - cover
    - crack
    - cricket
    - crying
    - day
    - dead
    - deep
    - discuss
    - done
    - escort
    - evening
    - evening dress
    - evening gown
    - far
    - flicker
    - flurry
    - goblin
    - grapple
    - guest
    - have
    - informal
    - inn
    - into
    - late
    - lentil
    - long
    - love
    - midnight
    - mist
    - moonlit
    - moor
    - night
    - night-time
    - nightlong
    - nightly
    * * *
    noche nf
    1. [en oposición al día] night;
    [atardecer] evening;
    una noche cerrada a dark night;
    una noche de perros a foul night;
    el turno de noche the night shift;
    un lugar clásico de la noche neoyorquina a classic New York nightspot;
    a las diez de la noche at ten o'clock at night;
    a estas horas de la noche at this time of night;
    ayer (por la) noche last night;
    bien entrada la noche late at night;
    de noche at night;
    trabaja de noche she works nights;
    esta noche tonight;
    de noche, Esp [m5]por la noche, Am [m5]en la noche, Arg [m5] a la noche at night;
    mañana/el sábado Esp [m5] por la noche o Am [m5] en la noche o Arg [m5] a la noche tomorrow/Saturday night;
    salir de noche o Esp [m5] por la noche o Am [m5] en la noche o Arg [m5] a la noche to go out in the evening;
    toda la noche all night;
    vemos la tele todas las noches we watch the TV every night;
    mi manzanilla de todas las noches my nightly cup of camomile tea;
    buenas noches [saludo] good evening;
    [despedida] good night;
    hicimos noche en Puebla we spent the night in Puebla;
    noche y día [constantemente] day and night;
    pasar la noche en claro o [m5] vela [sin poder dormir] to have a sleepless night;
    [trabajando, cuidando de alguien] to be up all night;
    ser (como) o [m5] parecerse como la noche y el día to be as different as night and day;
    Esp Fam
    pasar una noche toledana to have a sleepless night, not to sleep a wink
    noche de bodas wedding night;
    la noche del estreno the first o opening night;
    noche temática [en televisión] themed evening
    2. [oscuridad]
    al caer o [m5] cuando cae la noche at nightfall;
    antes de que caiga la noche before nightfall, before it gets dark;
    hacerse de noche to get dark;
    a las cinco ya es de noche it's already dark by five o'clock;
    Literario
    en la noche de los tiempos in the mists of time
    * * *
    f night;
    ¡buenas noches! saludo good evening; despedida good night;
    de noche, por la noche, L.Am.
    en la noche at night;
    hacerse de noche get dark;
    muy de noche, muy entrada la noche well into the night;
    llegó a casa muy entrada la noche he got home very late;
    * * *
    noche nf
    1) : night, nighttime, evening
    2)
    buenas noches : good evening, good night
    3)
    por la noche : at night
    4)
    hacerse de noche : to get dark
    * * *
    Según la época del año y según la hora, teniendo en cuenta si los días son más o menos cortos, se puede decir evening en vez de night
    esta noche tonight / this evening
    mañana por la noche tomorrow night / tomorrow evening
    ayer (por la) noche last night / yesterday evening buenas noches como saludo se traduce por good evening, sea la hora que sea. Como despedida se traduce por good night

    Spanish-English dictionary > noche

  • 3 Gongshu Pan (Kungshu Phan)

    [br]
    b. c.470 BC China
    d. c.380 BC China
    [br]
    Chinese inventor of rampart-scaling ladders and flying automata.
    [br]
    Some traditions give Gongshu Pan's birth date as c.570 BC. Much of what is said of him is legendary, but this must derive from a hard core of fact. He was a noted artisan and engineer to the state of Lu. The invention of rampart-scaling ladders (used in siege operations) and of flying automata is attributed to him. He also devised a hook fender to grapple ships in combat. Yun Shi is traditionally regarded as Gongshu's wife and is credited with the invention of the collapsible umbrella. Gongshu is also credited with the invention of the kite (see vols. IV. 1, p. 143, IV.3, p. 576 in the reference below).
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965, 1971, vols. IV. 2, pp. 43, 44, 96, 189, 192, 313, 573 ff., 577; IV. 3, pp. 681–2.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Gongshu Pan (Kungshu Phan)

См. также в других словарях:

  • Ships of 'Saga of the Seven Suns' — This article describes fictional Space Ships featured in The Saga of Seven Suns, a series of science fiction novels written by Kevin J. Anderson. Earth Defense Force The Earth Defense Force (EDF) is the military of the Hansa. The entire fleet is… …   Wikipedia

  • The Transformers (TV series) — This page is about the original Transformers animated series. For information on other Transformers animated series, see Transformers series. infobox Television show name = The Transformers caption = Opening title screen format = Animated Series… …   Wikipedia

  • The Chanur novels — The Chanur Saga omnibus The Pride of Chanur Chanur s Venture The Kif Strike Back Chanur s Homecoming Chanur s Legacy Author …   Wikipedia

  • The Darkness Series — is a series of six fantasy novels by Harry Turtledove. Though a fantasy the general history, geography, and combatants are analogs of World War II, or the Derlavai War in this universe.[1] Many of the characters are also the equivalents of… …   Wikipedia

  • The Counter-Reformation —     The Counter Reformation     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Counter Reformation     The subject will be considered under the following heads:     I. Significance of the term II. Low ebb of Catholic fortunes III. St. Ignatius and the Jesuits,… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Comparison of Greek naval and land tactics in the 5th century BC — The Greek navy functioned nothing like the American. Several similarities existed between them, proving that the money instead of the love flowed naturally between the two forms of fighting. Their hatred on land easily translated onto the milk… …   Wikipedia

  • The Bahamas — This article is about the country. For the Canadian singer guitarist, see Bahamas (musician). Commonwealth of the Bahamas …   Wikipedia

  • History of the Royal Navy — Naval Service of the British Armed Forces …   Wikipedia

  • Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan — Theatrical poster art by Bob Peak Directed by Nicholas Meyer …   Wikipedia

  • USS Grapple (ARS-7) — was an Diver class rescue and salvage ship commissioned by the U.S. Navy for service in World War II. She was responsible for coming to the aid of stricken vessels. Grapple (ARS 7) was launched by Basalt Rock Co., Napa, California, 31 December… …   Wikipedia

  • USNS Grapple (T-ARS-53) — USS Grapple (ARS 53) is a Safeguard class salvage ship in the United States Navy.She is homeported in Norfolk, Virginia.In 2000, she won the Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award for the Atlantic Fleet.Rescue and salvage ships render assistance …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»